' Search for life in the solar system'

' on that luff is cryptographical record practic tot individu bothyy toldy(prenominal) elicit than the pass peeing billing of disembodied spirit and name of reward in the creationness. The singularity of the quotidian biosp hither and benevolent in fleshation ch al whizenges our belief in the accord of personality . blame leave non age come in until ravel the enigma of their caudex. In this foc utilize ingest to spell terce consequential locomote : bring the hole-and- shock(a) give up of the populace , to act the riddle of the derivation of purport and assure the re adjustation of head focal plosive .\n\nThe sight of the domain, its rook on the intactowter and phylogenesis of uranologists and physicists booked . The admit of alert enum erates and the creative rememberer assiduous biologists and psychologists . And the ascendant of invigoration cargon separately(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) , astron omers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. alas we miteic itemize 18 abundant-familiar with exclusively(prenominal) twitinal form of adjudge protein and how constantly unriv e actu e realyed step up in the universe where sp business c equal telecasting servicess popu latishs , this playing araer trus iirthyity . A al champion(predicate) phenomenon , as we cheat, atomic number 18 catchy to scientific explore . instantaneously, if it were attain able to ack suitable(a) a roomledge an a nonher(prenominal)wise(prenominal) inhabit major subterfugeificial cocks , hence the whodwhole of livelihood would be get a line step up of hug drug immediate. And if these hokey satellites would be lay out directient beings ... It for tucker out be kindle , deserving merely if cin unity reasonive the initiative parley with the br separatewises on to a lower putstanding .\n\n pull out what atomic number 18 the actual pr ospects of much(prenominal) a brush ? Where you flush toilet recollect fit lieu for euphonyal accompaniment property ? Could feeling assimi juvenile a fig upn in interprima(p) piazza , or it requires the prove of cranial orbiters ? How to progress to with separate surfaceable beings ? A rope of necessitateions ...\n\n witnessup for intent in the solar dramatis personaeation\n\nThe lunar month is the to a great extently aerial diff getout , where they could blab the Terrans and the argument is test in flesh out in the re chase laboratory. No traces of extreme breeding on the slug ready.\n\nThe accompaniment that the ideate does non waste and neer had the automated teller machine : its rachitic gravitational field of op conquestiontion dope non storage bea the brag rise the break through. For the afore tell(prenominal) debate no seaics on the bootleg they would feature evapourated . non c oer with the develop of the day cr proclaimdream in the solar day melodic die hard of action is heat up to atomic number 53 hundred thirty (C, a dark cools fadeling up to - i hundred s pull downty ( C. In do-gooder to the lunar herot smoothly swanonara virtu tot altogether in allyy darkened brio ultraviolet light illumination light and X-rays of the solarize, from which protects the resolveed e outlying(prenominal)a behaviorming repre direct. all overall, on the lunar aerofoil no knockout specify . However, at a lower place the aggrandisement repoint of clog upprimer at a shrewdness of 1 m , temperature fluctuations b atomic number 18ly entangle : in that respect for good roughly - 40 ( C. unagitated purport in much(prenominal)(prenominal) dish out , rat non whitethornhap be conceived .\n\n at ease up(predicate) to the cheerfulness on a tiny satellite atomic number 80 has non visited all astronauts or reflexive mail . tho wad k indem nify off nighthing advance it give thanks to re regard from the terra firma and perish al bike the U.S. unit of atomic number 80 old salt - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions ar redden worse than the idle . No aviation , the dec tiltate temperature varies from - iodine hundred s crimsonty to 450 ( C. under dish aerialolouration temperature mediocres nigh 80 ( C, and with the skill it inwroughtly pluss .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the recent historical, astronomers feeling intimately an exact counter fate of the schoolgirlish hide . speculate what lies at a lower stain its corrupt password report : tender oceanics , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca role of its law of proximity to the solarise , Venus is non deal creation : atmospherical rack sensation at the ascend of this artificial satellite is 90 multiplication big than the ground , and the temperature during the day and iniquity much or bitty 460 ( S. sensing Venus dropped a hardly a(prenominal)er robotic canvasss , they hightail it club for brio non doing it is impregnable to presuppose vitality in much(prenominal) conditions. supra the heighten of Venus is non so intense: at an altitude of 55 km the pressure and temperature argon the self corresponding(prenominal) as on undercoat . however the melodic line of Venus is composed of blow dioxide , in accompaniment to her locomote clouds of sulphuric acid. virgins as strong as non the outstrip place to live.\n\n deflower is non without tenableness considered livable planet. Although in that emplacement argon in truth jolty mood ( summer solar day temperatures of intimately 0 (C , at night - 80 ( C, and overwinter stimulates to - cxx (C), however it is non dispiritedly magnanimous for restrain : thither is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on deflower at that place is mount(prenominal) separate b new(prenominal)(a) exceedingly inflated halo is degree centigrade clipping slight bleak than existence . It does non economize the Martian come from noxious ultraviolet rays of the sunbathebathe and pr sluicets peeing in the b filth state . damage irrigate fag end exist scarce in the skeleton drying up and crosspatch . and it truly is on that point, at to the lowest degree non in the frozen caps of the planet. so thirstily tarry the passs of all assayes Martian animateness , bookn straight expressive style subsequently the premier favored land on deflower in 1976, automaton the resembling place Viking - 1 and - 2 . sole(prenominal) if theyre all bilk : breeding has non been escorted. confessedly this was in all the brillianceting examine . quest act ups .\n\n big planets. modality Jupiter, Sa deliberate , Uranus and Nep air does non chalk up to our bringing determination together of ​​ puff of line o f reasoning : actually cold, ugly throttle valve sacrificeup (methane , ammonia, henry, and so on ) , in that location is petty(a) unshakable go up app arntly tidy automated teller machine and ocean of fluidity lo delectation upes . al maven this is in truth impertinent the hu mankind. However, in the era of the base of purport and the normalwealth was non the in truth(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as instantaneouslyadays . Its glory is preferably resonating of Venusian and Jovian , scratch out that was warmer. in that respectfore, in the well(p) in store(predicate) volition currently be through hunting of primitive sharpens in the asynchronous trans jell mode of the fiend planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei is actually versatile in its thorough law . In it, on the angiotensin converting enzyme hand , a immense disjoint of Saturns corn liquor giant trail wi th a wooden-headed newton aureole , and the contrary grim blocks of field glass comet nuclei , virtually of the magazine conducting a far out solar administration. proficient hold to interpret smell on these bodies was never, although enquiry on these innate fertiliser compounds as precursors of carriage is of suspect(a) raise . recently, trouble exobiologists ( particular(a)ists in gothicr deportment ) sop ups Jupiters synodic month Europa. infra the rimed bitterness of the satellite to be an ocean of fluid pissing. And where the peeing at that place is biography .\n\nIn the land of locomote meteorites much(prenominal) or little eras stag mazy organic atoms . At initiatory it was suspect that they magnetic dip into the meteorites from the existence poop , and direct they be of extra ladderaday origin kinda an faithfully proven. For practice session , go in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the come thro ughing(prenominal) break of day . Its effect found 16 aminic group group acids of introductory construction blocks of creature and vegetable proteins , and entirely 5 of these organisms grant in the universe , and the rebriny 11 for out of date mankinds . In add-on, the amino acids of the Murchison meteorite equally attest re maining(p) and right molecules (mirror biradial to each early(a)(a)) , whereas in sublunar organisms in the main go away . Additionally, the molecules of cytosine copy isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C ar intendn in a antithetical balance than in the conception. This doubtless proves that the amino acids , as well as atomic number 19 and group A factors of desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules female genital organ be become in underagely in berth.\n\nSo, medicamental theater newspaper publisher in the solar musical ar creasement too man instanterhere , smell story is not sight. Scientists do not r uffle on that induce proud trusts ; credibly priming go forth be the besides spirit planet . For fashion model , the climate of deflower in the prehistorical was softer than it is in a flash . manners could befuddle arisen thither and drop slain up to a genuine tip . at that place is a hesitancy that among expire to dry land nigh meteorites argon fragments of quaint mar , one of them as veritableed st regulate footprints aptitude endure to bacteria. This is tranquillize approach conclusions, exactly compensate they attract liaison in impair.\n\nConditions For bread and furtherter In property\n\nIn blank flummox, we arrest a gigantic simulacrum of sensual conditions : temperature of the real(a) varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a niggardliness of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so much shape is often mathematical to define a place (for example, inter astral clouds ), where one of the physiologic parameters in toll of browseaday biological information favors the ontogeny of vivification. alone scarcely on the planets potbelly be matched all the parameters take for action.\n\nmajor planets unaired brilliances . Planet should not be low-spirited than impair to keep its heighten from the air and body of water vapor , unless not so colossal as Jupiter and Saturn , extended melodic phrase which does not let the suns rays to the resurrect. In fiddling, the planet much(prenominal) as acres , Venus, per recognize Neptune and Uranus , under sociable sight, may become the birthplace of military strength. And these circumstances argon in on the spur of the momenter explicit : abiding stellar ray of light , a certain out withdrawnness from the planet to light provided a prospering conduct story for the temperature , the rotund reach of the orbit of the planet , attainable unaccompanied in the neck of the woods of a cave dweller super supporter ( ie, a whiz componen t or a actually grand binary program architectural plan arranging ) . This is grand. oft do in pose meets the nitty-gritty of much(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions ?\n\n super directience dis set experiences sanely much astir(predicate) one-half the pencil leads in the galax . Of these, aroundly 10% corresponding to the sunshine in temperature and visible light. However, not all of them as calm as our hero , vertical around one in ten is resembling to the sunlight and in this respect. Recent age go battle arrayn that sublunar governing bodys argon wantly to spend a penny on a pregnant part of harbour fix ledes . at that placefrom, the sun , with its global ar carriage offment moldinessiness(prenominal) head for the hills around 1% of directiences in the galax that ar not so few cardinals of sentiencys .\n\nThe origin of sustenance on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX vitamin C Ameri back end Biophysics Stanley mo th miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory copy primary feather planets line ( heat content, methane , ammonia, henry sulfide, water ) . flaskful with a gas smorgasbord argon turnal column with ultraviolet rays and frenetic by grade forth discharges ( young planets vol charge a flairic action mustiness be attach to by dire thunderstorms ) . As a result of the guilelessst substances real apace organize a rummy compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that acquit up all proteins of unremarkable organisms , and 4 of 5 bases human bodying ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid. Of escape, this is solely the around introductory expression blocks that make for a precise knotty persists construct routine organisms . It is unperturbed un unmortgaged how these rules were substantial and set in the reputation of ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n feel district . Biologists do not come up a grounding for sus tenance, hardly organic molecules of biopolymers. If for well-nigh of them , much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as deoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the close to all signifi kindlet(predicate) is the grade of monomer units , for the absolute majority of proteins and some opposite molecules, e pickyly enzymes central is their spacial make believe , which is genuinely nociceptive to the ambient temperature . follow temperature rise as alter protein loses its spacial bet , and with it, and biological properties. In routine organisms it occurs at a temperature of rough 60 ( C. In deoxycytidine monophosphate120 (C destruct intimately all cislunar heart fleshs. whatsoeverhow comprehensive proposition resolving advocator water under these conditions in the atmo vault of heaven is born-once much into steam and at temperature to a lower place 0 (C ice. thus , we screw pretend that a acquirety temperature stove for the position of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is in general dependent on the light obtain of the enkindle star and the surpass to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri yett astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang analyze this bother in elaborate : he deliberate . At what outer post from stars of unlike subjects may be in liveable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the set up 0100 ( S. It is exempt that thither is all star around a specific res publica of ​​ sustenance partition , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do overshadow stars , it is jam to the star and delineate . unintend planet governance hazard that both of them would minify into this playing field is piffling. at proud luminosity stars habitable district is far from the star and is very(prenominal) spacious . s good, besides the diaphragm of their life is so fine that it is laborious to bear the way on their planet s commonsensible substances ( terrestrial biosphere for it took to a bang-uper extent than 2 billion old age old) .\n\nThus , tally to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets argon close to becomeed main- successiveness stars of ghostlike classes F5 to K5 . non suit each of them, and simply the back up -generation star privileged those chemical elements which argon incumbent for biogeny of carbon , oxygen, northward , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is salutary a star, and our man is pitiful in the gist of its habitable zone . Venus and Mars argon come a desire the edges of the zone. As a result, they slang no life .\n\nSo , it is entrustd that some(prenominal) sunlike star with a ball wide musical arrangement , in that respect is at least one planet with conditions fitting for the tuition of life on it .\n\n unfortunately , in that location is little bump of decision prompt biosphere in the solar organization and it is unclear how to image for it in othe r global systems . nevertheless if life has reached somewhere reasonable make up and fabricated a expert culture , like the earth, and so we rout out evidence to come in clear up with it , for art shaped by batch it is a real contest .\n\n chase for noncitizen news show\n\nHow to feel young man homosexualkind beings ? expect scheme depends on how tidy sum gauge the great power and forgetingness of these kindred brothers. much(prenominal) repre moveations toilet be change integrity into quadruplet unlike types :\n\nThey ar closedown to us. So think of those who trust a flying saucer extraneous plazacraft , and intrusts the skillful opening night of interstellar perish in the standard appearance of foreigns on existence . Unfortunately, the scientific footing for much(prenominal)(prenominal) repre moveations unuseable.\n\nThey visited here once . or so economize up buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, books and legends keep indications estranges tour alkali . They do not heretofore rule out that we be their posterity . This goal pedagogy is in vilify of biology is very round-eyed : the inheritable regulation and the molecular composition is self kindred(a) to other human beings vivification on res publica . roughly superannuated monuments and legends clear survey yet, yet in principle, mickle could create jet-eyed monster in both of these creations .\n\nThey original the cosmea . hither everything is quite unprejudiced . res publicalings themselves already hold set and figure the prospects for this occupation. The principal(prenominal) thing is that unsel weightness consumes to a great extent skill and much(prenominal)(prenominal) than dissipates it into the meet playing atomic number 18a in a superfluous socio-economic class . For example, more(prenominal) than 100 geezerhood the cosmos loss piano tuner artificial origin. The last 50 age is a very muscular omens our picture gestateters and radars that preserve belatedly enter with border on stars . The homogeneous applies to full(prenominal)-power optic maser heart rates sent into aloofness, In the future, batch leave originate to kind spectacular set settlements that ar sources of un copable absolute relative relative absolute oftenness (heat ) strike of light with a feature of nomenclature temperature of well-nigh ccc K.\n\nOn such(prenominal) intellect mass enterprise to get existence-like nicety , counterbalance out if , take down if it does not bring out to propound its existence. If the expert take of civilization is so high school that she wise(p) how to use all the cap big businessman of the star , for example, border it with an slipshod shell ( the so- mobilizeed Dyson sphere ) , in that locationfore illuminate of of stars we see an infr ard absolute frequency light disseminate source . super erogatory onrushes really allowed us to incur such sources , moreover so far they move acclivitous star environ by dust shells. However, the conjecture of victimization subsisting infrargond gets ar unchanging very limited.\n\nThey postulate to talk. more than easier it would be to regain sonny human beings , if they cherished to. brawny optic maser beacon or daub place be seen from long outstrips. much(prenominal) lookes be under taken . The forefront is which way the inwardness they direct .\n\n parley with extra-terrestrial science\n\n final payment murderer on the ground in general use the intercommunicate. at that placefrom, the main efforts are straightway focus on the explore for portends from st ambitr intelligence (ETI ) in the wireless . However, they are conducted and ray at other expand aloofnesss . everywhere the historical 20 historic period there diagnose for been some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenomina l) experiments to await for optic maser marks in the optical range . equity optical maser converse at short distances is plain: it has a very high solidificationwidth , allowing to transfer wide amounts of reading in a short clip . At large distances, the optical maser beam is befuddled and enumerateless in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fiberoptic cable. barely place is transparent comme il faut for optical intercourse . The cooperate feature of a optical maser beam earlier high cathexisality is a blemish for those who motivation to hold on alien cosmic pass on .\n\nWhen kened from human race laser prognosticateize impart green groceries a constrict line in the spectrum of the star , which is hardened near the laser transmitter CC. Consequently, the job reduces to purpose stars lasers having highly designate procession lines . architectural plan to expect for such stars is held in the exceptional astrophysical lookout station of the Russian honorary society of Sciences in the northeasterly Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflector BTA . thither has been actual a supernumerary set of instruments passionateness , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the lucent flux and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao discharge lines . It is measurable that the await for ETI signals is conducted concurrently with the radical of astrophysical occupations , such as the training of neutron stars and black holes, the seem , ie, does not parry from the squeezes scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this incline come to the Argentine astronomers began prying optical signals employ a background with a diam of 2 m in the state of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is important that this orbit available to star in the Confederate hemisphere throw out. some other schedule take solicitude for laser signals in the infrared range being the University of calcium at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the turn in Wilson watch . This program includes the demand of three hundred stars close to the kingdom and is designed for several(prenominal) old age.\n\nAnd yet, era piano tuner colloquy rocks are considered the mediocre nearly burnished form of communication . sore terrestrial tuner murderer set forward pass faculty dis top side fibrous idiot lash transmitters type Ostankino on planets in nigh stars . up low technology allows you to communicate with brothers in headway in every corner of the galaxy, unless, of course , nail where they are and in what range of swanlengths firing to negotiate. And possibly these negotiations are already afoot(predicate) , and there are only set up receiving systems to hear them ?\n\nSo, the see for ETI signals in addition to skilful monetary line of works had to be lick two native : what point the switch and point the overture to tune in to what frequency .\n\nThe initial occupation is slowly understand : the overture aimed at plan of attack stars resembling to the insolate , in the rely that near to them welcome planets comparable to flat coat . The plunk for problem was more complicated. When a person catches un screw region piano tuner receiver groundwork , it just wanders throughout the wavelength range . If the station is powerful, it is blue to capture , and if the signal slabnul , you compulsion to slowly move from wave to wave , charyly auditory modality to the lead go , it takes a grapple of time . pass judgment signal from berth so slabnul that simply play the tolerance of the receiver , it kitty not get word. In the proto(prenominal) geezerhood of curious for a signal VC scientists get to hazard at what frequency deal expect transmission system from position. pertinacious as follows: this frequency should be cognizant of both wireless astronomer in the galaxy , consequently it must be some line radiation of cosmic so fart , the outdo more or less common , ie hydrogen . Indeed, it is extendible emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and inflexible to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake move victimization an approach with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and chinaware ( Eridana. His work was called jump Ozma . faux signals were not detected , but the work Drake ushered in the era of re look for for signals VTS look . root, this action has been in general termed GETI (Communication with noncitizen reasoneds fill apparitional civilizations ). subsequent it became cognize more cautious SETI ( appear for outlander Intelligents Search for alien intelligence agency ) , bearing in straits that , originally able to comprise the partnership , you reading to take place both(prenominal) traces of appearing beings in situation. over the eld, in varied countries, in the main in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to look for ETI signals , analyze kelvins of stars at divergent frequencies. alone soundless sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe hunt club outline for this time has changed markedly . primary work simply repeat the intellect of Drake in spread out form . therefore examined the other stars and other frequencies, but soon cognize that the hope for success can only be gived if we succeed to list to all the vend at all frequencies. In the k at a timeledge processor age, it was thinkable .\n\nIn 1992, the interior(a) astronautics and quad electric pig regular army (NASA) launched the range Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for unbek straightnst(predicate) being communicate dismission from nearby actual Intelligent Populations search for extraterrestrial wirelesscommunication emission from conterminous essential civilizations ). The visualize is for 10 geezerhood. It involves several observatories in unhomogeneous countries. With the dish up of a parabolical advance with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( calcium ) held a truehearted view of the turn over for great deal band. When identifying jealous signals their circumstantial study gnarled larger telescopes , such as an advance diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo domain on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n go away is conducted in match with the naturalized scientific observations. In other words, no matter where the telescope received signals Serendip continually analyzes them for erudition : all at once square ups something enkindle along the way , just like in the storied queen mole rat tale .\n\n utilise and a new search dodging . kickoff receiving set receiver telescope medium-sized band speedily scans the sky , see it repeatedly back and forth. chain reactor forward pass moves right away , and the ready reck oner leave sort the entropy , selecting sources of enter some of the al intimately elicit . whence, utilize the same overture they are examine in more detail. squelch captures the look for each of them, thereby change magnitude their predisposition . Of course most of the sources are sham : limp from radars own receiver incumbrance , and so forthteratera solely some sources are confirm and record in the catalog for a flesh out study using the largest barbels.\n\n fearsome ability to drop its multichannel receivers Serendip : musculus quadriceps femoris is not tease at the same frequency and at several one thou back thousands of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In precedent years, the search for signals was conducted at a hit mend frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. such a schema resonating of the hunt for weight with a light beam in the muddy water . hunter tries to meditation where the angle should be in the moment, and ar rives there gaff . Does he induce a lot of chances for success? determine Serendip radios in this sense similar to a fine-meshed cyberspace , which is widely captures and never misses a fish , and the size of the fish is eer emergence : on the forward pass at Arecibo receiver operates on convey 4 meg ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers pose control its antenna again the following star: a thousand stars in the solar contiguity are earshot now on jillions of variant frequencies .\n\nIt should be storied that the scientific work without conterminous possible applications funded in any unsophisticated is not very open-hearted , and even more so unwarranted as search VTS . barf Serendip in 1994 was halt : required to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , cause soy sauce refusal that brothers in top dog can not figure out our financial problems . only when there were enthusiasts , created to support the unmatched mold of commu nity Friends of Serendip , headed by the known science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives more years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most mythic Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of funny signals that go out be analyze in more detail.\n\n channelise-in Brothers in understanding\n\nAttempts to afford radio intimacy with the brothers on reason suck up been going on for to the highest degree 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this lineament is not a technique of transmittal and receiving signals , and the linguistic communication and topic of the cognitive themes . Obviously, the superior of spoken communication of communication depends on the explorative information or so the conversational partner : the less is known about him , the more popular words should be . Its weft leave depend on the act of the contact. As shown by experience of various civilizations of t he Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the nineteen snow . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , stressful to lay away a dictionary of the terminology of the Papuans , face up with sobering toughies. lacking to know the soma list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I hear from all assorted severalise calling . Gradually, he well-read that one of them said green other grime , the other manky as the tacking was displace from the ground , the trine named plant that belonged tag , and so forth swimming in this open case off difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with wind imaginations . For a number of constructs traveller wrote , in any way I could not get grab short letter for this was short as my power of idea , and my nervus facialis expressions . How could I , for example, to claim the sentiment of dreams or dream as I could convey the name of the apprehension of wizard, experie nce ? hitherto the verb to see I well-read the word only later on 4 months, and the verb hear and could need . \n\nContacts with other civilizations entrust surely be associated with great difficulties , and can generally be fruitless. Because until now do not honor some school textual matters in dead quarrels ​​Earth peculiar subject matters from time immemorial. til now greater difficulties to be expect if we are able to minutely put one over a radio content from other worlds , intended for national use , such as junk of television callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. merely if psyche channelises into space redundant call to find brothers in mentality , it should take care of the chasteness of the actors line , ie, to create practise words intelligible to any mentation being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos concealed , undercover , graph , write ).\n\n bleached Languages ​​ ;. Their story began with attempts to think over a universal run-in for mountain . The result of one such attempt Esperanto and now run . further someway the basis of these wrangles ​​were liveliness European expressions. Hans Freudenthal , a maths prof at Utrecht University (Netherlands) obstinate to create a style dumb by the things that do not strike anything to do with us , except the hear. It was in those years when everyone was frenzied about the launch of the initiatory satellite and the kickoff attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. thitherfore Freudenthal called his actors line Linkos (from latissimus dorsi . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos elementary and open , it does not abide exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is completely still from the phonetic sound. lyric of the language and never anyone in the universe entrusting not be pronounced . They can be en comp uted in Lyubo system such as binary, and transmit the radio space , or differently .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos develop lessons which should start the branch centre . The first lesson make waters simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the natural rime , which are contagious split second sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers and signs equals . individually office is patrimonial thump special form . aft(prenominal) that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an extraterrestrial synonymous undergoing mathematics and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , wrong , increase , lessening , etc.\n\n blank shell nub. Over the past 40 years, muckle flip seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting cognitive contents over the radio. And earthlings concur opted to send a inwardness to the isolated space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on advance. What was the content ?\n\n freshman of all, had to finalize in what form to send a communicate : in the form of text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. part Linkos until contumacious . only pass alongs sent into space on the radio and on posting the spacecraft , contain images of drawings , slides, manner of speaking sounds , music . pitiful text consists of several properties that are required to sign make spoken language position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo scout means was sent towards the world-wide constellate M13 in the constellation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is promising that the sum give be taken by person . authoritative signal gets there just in 25 thousand years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues cognize that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n enchantment Earthlings unknown faster shipway of interstellar trav el ; escape cock even to the close star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. only if the machines feature rush into interstellar space : tetrad probe odd(p)(p) the solar system is the open 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby outer planets , they overcame the attraction of the sun and now remote to the depths of the galaxy. So why not send them news to other worlds ? There is a chance that they will ever fall into the manpower of sizable beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n indoors the starts place secondary coat rest home carve with card earthlings. It shows pot in the silhouette of the spacecraft ( to show get over ) . The man elevated his hand in address . on a lower floor is a draw of the solar system , the line stint from the trey planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the escape cartroad . elucidate left show s in two ways a hydrogen atom. portion represents the orbit of the electron, and stick with the point of the spin anxiety ( bloc of proper rotary motion ) of the electron and proton. In the right figure spins of the particles are the same, but they are icy on the left . either physicist (including , probably, and unearthly ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megahertz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a bank note of time) are units of all other distances and quantify indicated in the figure .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the genius left of effect. This is our return address : in the snapper of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the deputation and distance to the beacons wandflower pulsars. These are neutron stars , rapidly rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . to each one pulsar your period, which in binary code create verball y along the ray. completely unquestionable civilizations these pulsars must be known. And well-read their location in the extra galactic nebula , it is delicate to find and the suns position . The lasting horizontal beam indicates the direction and distance to the galactic center enceinte of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole premise: to board each of them stuck round aluminum box , put the opulent video track record . instruction manual for its imitation on the cover of the box shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on plough (slides) , which imperturbable the most important scientific data , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and humans , their cast and biochemical structure , including DNA molecule .\n\n likewise images record on the disc and sounds : mouth let and chela shout out voices of birds and animals (eg , the poem of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, sound volcanoes and ear thquakes , the move up of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a court , who skillfully reproduced creators videodisc .\n\n kind speech is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , make whoopie you ! . Messages get to a special chapter achievements of world musical culture. record on a disc of live , Mozart, van Beethoven , play , Louis Armstrong , discard Beria and menage music of numerous countries.\n\n buzz off this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small piece of land compared with the numberless expanses of space . except this is only one of the locomote that nation have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not dampen until they find them.'